Jimi Hedndrix Are You Experienced Essays - Purple Haze, Jimi Hendrix

Jimi Hedndrix Are You Experienced Are You Experienced? The Jimi Hendrix Experience released its first album in early 1967. Popular music had been leaning towards psychedelics for a couple years already and Are You Experienced? came out at about the same time as the Beatles' Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Are You Experienced? far exceeded the Beatles' triumph in complexity, capturing the essence of the late 1960's culture. Naturally the newer band did not share the immediate success of the Beatles. But its staying power has been testified to by several generations. The British version of Are You Experienced? contained a few subtle differences. Most prominent were the absence of "Purple Haze" and the addition of Hendrix standard "Red House". "Purple Haze" caught fire in America after the Monterey Pop Festival and became Jimi's signature song. Although it was said to have endless verses, Jimi generally sang only the shortened version from the album (with a few ad lib changes). The single was sent to radio stations with a note: "This song was intentionally distorted. Do not adjust." Are You Experienced?, as with most of the Experience's music, sounds heavy no matter how many times you listen to it. In actuality, the stony "Purple Haze" is about as close as they ever come to hard rock. The next song, "Manic Depression" comes in strong with the opening chords and then reveals Mitch Mitchell's trademark rolling drums. It also contains another of Jimi's solos worth listening to by any new or Experienced fan. Chas Chandler chose the quietest song on the album to give the world its first taste of The Jimi Hendrix Experience. Its first single was "Hey Joe", a song written by turn-of-the-century bluesman Billy Roberts. The first bars of "Hey Joe" leave no doubt that it is being handled by a master. It quickly climbed the British pop charts, topping out at number 2 (behind "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"). No other song written or performed by Jimi Hendrix had as much success as this one. When there are other people around, it makes you feel alive. But when you sit alone and listen to the music, every chord catches in your throat. "Love or Confusion" has happened upon me more than once when I was suddenly realizing the dispair of yet another relationship. If the answer to his question is not obvious during the song itself, Jimi answers it for you with his very last whisper. "Love or Confusion" is a wicked twister of emotion. It shakes you up and when you lose your sense of direction, it drops out from under you, leaving you to fall mercilessly to the depths of reality. That's when "May This Be Love" enters to let you down easily. Mitch turns on the soft roll. Jimi sings sweetly about his waterfall. The pace picks up, getting hectic for a moment when Jimi recalls the other people in this world, with their plans. But they can do whatever it is that they do. Jimi doesn't care, and neither do I, as long as I have my waterfall. "I Don't Live Today" goes through a couple of lead-in verses, but it wastes little time getting to one of the most psychedelic minutes in rock. At the apex, Jimi cries, "Ah, There ain't no life nowhere!" When you hear it the statement is oddly comforting. The song leads out with Jimi pleading repeatedly to you: "Get Experienced." If a thousand bands haven't covered "The Wind Cries Mary", it is out of reverence. Short and simple (okay, I'm not a musician), this song is like a dream. The colorful descriptions (the traffic lights turn blue tomorrow.) are a hint of what is to become Axis: Bold as Love - the Experience's second album. "Fire" was one of Jimi's favorite tunes to play live. Fast paced and funky, it leaves no guessing about Jimi's desires. The lyrics petrified a million middle class mothers, as it turned on their daughters. A little advice: move over, Rover. "Third Stone From the Sun" stands alone in rock history as the only instrumental with words. It tells the story of an alien race which comes down to check out the planet Earth (Mercury Venus Earth, get it?).

Over the course of ones life a skill

Over the course of one's life a skill, which serves well, is motivation. High motivation will help one get the most out of life. If a person travels through life without a purpose or reason for being, what impact will be left on the world? Most people would like to think they have made a difference in their world and will be remembered. By being motivated to do something, a person can find a way to make that impact or lasting impression. During time spent in school as children we are introduced to the need to become motivated. Teachers begin extrinsic motivation conditioning with the goal being to produce students who will start to motivate themselves intrinsically. By demonstrating to each student why getting their work done in a timely manner is vital, they will see the significance of self-motivation in their lives and try to emulate it. Motivating students is vital for effective learning; however, not all students can be motivated by the same technique. The concept of motivation in education is based on the teacher's ability to inspire, challenge, and encourage students to take an active role in their learning. Maslow argues that everyone seeks to satisfy two basic levels of needs: lower level needs, physiological, security, the need for love and belonging, and higher level needs, esteem of both self and others and self-actualization or achieving one's full potential. Once any of these needs is met, it becomes less important as a motivator. School structures sometimes perpetuate feelings of poor self-worth and low levels of motivation among students. Individual goal-setting structures allow students to define their own criteria for success. Outcome-based instruction and evaluation make it possible for slower students to experience success without having to compete with faster students. Cooperative learning activities help students realize that personal effort can contribute to group as well as individual goals. Studen

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis Assignment Research Paper

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis Assignment - Research Paper Example , 2013, p. 1). Another definition of interpersonal relationship is: â€Å"an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. This association may be based on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment† (Tangient LLC, 2013, par. 1). The objective of the current discourse is to analyze one of my interpersonal relationships using concepts and theoretical frameworks discussed during the course. I would therefore be analyzing the relationship between family members, specifically among parents and siblings. As such, this aim would be achieved through addressing and responding to the following questions, as itemized below: 1. The variables that apply to why we form relationships (attraction, similarity, difference, proximity, etc.). How did these variables function in the beginning of your relationship? How do these variables function now that you have a more established relationship? The variab les that clearly apply in forming the relationship among parents and siblings are: for the fulfillment of basic needs (food, clothing and shelter), including emotional, spiritual, and security needs. As a child, I have already recognized the importance of holistic support provided by my parents; as well as the endearing company of my siblings. I realized that the establishment and continued sustaining of a smooth and strong interpersonal relationship among my parents and among my other siblings would be instrumental in maintaining a happy family. Therefore, although there has been some ups and downs in terms of misunderstandings in communication and minor conflicts that ensue among members (even among my parents and me), I have realized through time that these could be resolved and that family members are those whose bonds would be sustained and preserved despite encountering different problems and challenges. As such, weathering various difficulties and adversities as a family actu ally made our interpersonal relationships stronger. 2. Application of two course theories/concepts to the relationship depending on the type: friendship, family or romantic. To assist in developing, maintaining and sustaining strong interpersonal relationships among family members, the following theories were aptly recognized and applied: the attachment/affiliation theory; as well as the confirming and valuing relationship theory. The attachment/affiliation theory has been described as explaining â€Å"infant behavior towards their attachment figure, during separation and reunion times. It is believed that attachment behaviors formed in infancy will help shape the attachment relationships people have as adults† (Lee, 2003, par. 1). I have therefore manifested and established a stronger bond with my mother, due to her comprehensive support accorded me: physically, emotionally, mentally, psychologically, and even spiritually. As emphasized, â€Å"the mother automatically has s ome kind of bond to the child because she carried it for 9 months, but early contact is important in forming strong bonds between them† (Lee, 2003, par. 5). Thus, through consistent caring, guidance in academic performance, as well as in addressing various problems during my childhood up to adolescent development, I have recognized a stronger attachment to my mother. In addition, I also have shown stronger affiliation with my sibling of similar gender. Especially durign adolescent years, greater need was recognized to be formed with other peers

International Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Human Resource - Essay Example However, the nature of their work and the type of organization they work for will determine how these common environmental factors are perceived - whether they are seen as positive or negative, threats or opportunities Over the last two decades there has been a profound shift in thinking about the role that people play in the success of the business, with a growing view that the management of people is a key organizational capability and one, which should be highly integrated with the strategic aims of the business. A cornerstone of this notion of International human resource management is the creation of linkage or integration between the overall strategic aims of the business and the human resource strategy and implementation Managers should keep informed about important factors and developments in both their external and internal environments. They can do this by constantly 'scanning' their environment, which is, by establishing and maintaining a network of contacts, maintaining good communication channels, keeping up-to-date in their field and monitoring important issues and activities. It is not necessary to be an expert on modern day business to know that there are few organizations entirely limited by national boundaries. The smallest independent entrepreneur in the UK will have office equipment made in Japan or the USA. At the level of large trading organizations, many of these companies operate across the globe or are the competition with the companies operating in that way. It is indeed impossible for most employing organizations to act as if their world was bounded by the national border of the country that is their home base. Across the world there is increasing extension of trading blocks, increasing development of internationally operating multinational corporations (MNC's), and increasing internationalization of business. International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price promote and direct the flow of the company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one for a profit. (Cateora & Graham 10) A key factor in the increasing internationalism of employment is that there are cultural differences between nations. There are differences in national attitudes and value systems. International human resource strategies It is argued that all international organizations will have to develop international HRM policies and practices. This will manifestly not be easy. On the other hand, it will be crucial to the success of the international business. Schuler et al (1993:721) define the field as covering Human resource management issues, functions and policies and practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and the impact on the international concerns and the impact on the international concerns and goals of those enterprises. Most international business employ both locals and expatriates; most have overall strategies and try to be culturally aware in each country; they aim to be successful in each location, and successful overall. If they are to achieve this they will need to have clearly thought out, well integrated human resource strategies that are part of , and contribute to , their overall international

Ressurecting Russia's Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ressurecting Russia's Church - Essay Example Following 70 years of continuous religious oppression and the violent spreading of atheism in the Soviet territories, Russia’s Orthodox Church viewed the Soviet collapse as the beginning of its own resurrection. The new process of the Russian Church’s revival led to the serious geographical and territorial shifts in how various religious groups were spread across the Russian territory: as of today, most Russian territories have their own orthodox churches, and the number of peaceful pilgrims constantly grows. In his article, Sergey Schmemann (2009) reviews the process and changes in the state-church relationships in Russia. The purpose of the article is to reconsider the process of the Russia’s church revival in the Soviet territory and to compare the state of church development in the country with the period that immediately followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. Schmemann (2009) chooses the town of Murom as the central object of his analysis – the town the author is familiar with and the town which reflects the basic stages of Russia’s church resurrection on the post-Soviet landscape. Schmemann (2009) provides the detailed description of Murom, its location, geographical features, and history: the town is arrayed on seven hills along Oka’s left bank and used to be one of the most important points of the Russian eastern periphery in the medieval times. Murom is also unique in the sense that more often than not, it was able to withstand and suppress the So viet atheistic pressures; it would be fair to assume that throughout the Soviet era, Murom retained its unique religious atmosphere, with numerous monasteries and myths (Schmemann, 2009). Finally, the choice of Murom for this article is justified by the fact that Juliana Osorin – one of the town’s residents – was canonized in 1604, to persuade the public that holiness was easy to achieve in the family and at home,

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S Mr 163.2) is the N-acetyl derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid, l-cysteine. The drug occurs as a white, crystalline powder with a slight acetic odor. N-acetylcysteine is freely soluble in water and in alcohol. N-acetylcysteine is commercially available as aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of the drug. It is used as a mucolytic or as an antidote for paracetamol. The British Pharmacopoeia contains a number of tests for this compound designed to ensure the quality. N-acetylcysteine acts to reduce mucus viscosity by splitting disulfide bonds linking proteins present in the mucus (mucoproteins). Inhaled N-acetylcysteine is indicated for mucolytic (mucus-dissolving) therapy as an adjuvant in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. Such conditions include emphysema, bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, amyloidosis, pneumonia. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheostomy care. It may be considered ineffective in cystic fibrosis (Rossi, 2006). However, a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports that high-dose oral N-acetylcysteine modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis and has the potential to counter the intertwined redox and inflammatory imbalances in CF (Tirouvanziam et al., 2006). Oral N-acetylcysteine may also be used as a mucolytic in less serious cases. N-acetylcysteine also acts to augment glutathione reserves (depleted by toxic paracetamol metabolites) in the body and, together with glutathione to directly bind to toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect hepatocytes in the liver from toxicity due to paracetamol overdose. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine is indicated for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Oral N-acetylcysteine for this indication is uncommon as it is poorly tolerated owing to the high doses required (due to poor oral bioavailability), unpleasant taste or odour and adverse drug reactions (particularly nausea and vomiting). However, some people have shown an adverse allergy to intravenous N-acetylcysteine which includes extreme breathing difficulty, light-headedness, rashes, severe coughing and sometimes also vomiting. Repeated overdoses will cause the allergic reaction to get worse and worse. N-acetylcysteine is prone to both hydrolysis and oxidation and some of the impurities from these reactions are shown below. Scheme 2 2. Experimental: 2.1. Materials: The materials used in this experiment were N-acetylcysteine powder, disodium edentate solution, 1M sodium hydroxide and mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0, water, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium iodine solution, 0.05M iodine, 0.1M sodium hydroxide, starch, phenol red and phenolphthalein as indicators. The apparatus used were optical rotation analyser, conical flasks, 10mL and 50mL pipettes, burette, electronic weigh balance and beakers. 2.2. Methods: a) Specific optical rotation: +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to +27ÃÅ'Ã…   1.25g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and allowed dissolve in a mixture of 1ml of 10g/L solution of disodium edentate, 7.5ml of 1M sodium hydroxide and sufficient amount of mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0 to 25ml total volume. Optical rotations of the freshly prepared solution and the old solutions of N-acetylcysteine provided were measured and recorded. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) 0.14g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a conical flask. 60 ml of water and 10ml dilute hydrochloride acid were measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was left to cool. Another 10ml of potassium iodide solution was added into the cooled solution in the conical flask. The solution was then titrated with 0.05M iodine by using starch as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M sodium hydroxide 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenol red as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and dissolved in 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The solution was diluted to 50ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and solution 1 was obtained. Three solutions were prepared for analysis. The first solution consists of 10ml solution 1 diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid, second solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 1ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and the third solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 2ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The absorbance of each solution was measured at 213.8nm using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absorbance for each solution was tabulated. The zinc content in each sample was calculated using the method of standard addition. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0%w/w A sample of N-acetylcysteine was dried at 70ÃÅ'Ã…   C in vacuo for 3 hours and the data was recorded and the percentage loss on drying of this sample was calculated. f) Related substances The chromatograms obtained from the HPLC analysis of both fresh solution and old solution of N-acetylcysteine was examined. 3. Results: a) Specific optical rotation: Mass of weighing boat(g) 26.6089 Mass of weighing boat + sample (g) 27.8609 Mass of weighing boat + residue (g) 26.6079 Mass of sample transferred (g) 1.253 Table 1: The mass of N-acetylcysteine used to make a solution for measurement of specific optical rotation. Calculations: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP 1999; page 40-41), it states that the specific optical rotation is +  21.0 to +  27.0. To obtain the angle of rotation, the equation below is used, Where, [ÃŽÂ ±] = specific optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± = observed angle of rotation C = concentration of active substance in g/100mL of the solution l = length of column in 2dcms For freshly prepared solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° For old solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): -3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8797 3.8777 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.7393 3.7398 Mass of Acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.1404 0.1379 Table 2: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with iodine. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 17.40 26.70 Final volume (mL) 26.40 35.50 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 9.00 8.80 Table 3: The volume of iodine used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and starch as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of iodine used: 0.0476M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and iodine: 2 C5H9NO3S + I2 à   C5H8NO3SSC5H8NO3 + 2HI 2KI à   I2 + 2K+ According to British Pharmacopoeia, 1mL of 0.05M iodine is equivalent to 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S. This means, 2 mole of C5H9NO3S equal to one mole of iodine. Therefore when 1mL of 0.05M iodine = 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S, 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 0.0476M x 16.32mg/ 0.05M = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S First titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 9.00mL of 0.0476M iodine = 9.00mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 139.86mg = 0.13986g of C5H9NO3S Second titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 8.80mL of 0.0476M iodine = 8.80mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 135.52mg = 0.13552g of C5H9NO3S Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.1404 0.1399 0.1379 0.1355 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide i) Titration by using phenol red indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9199 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5913 3.6198 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3003 0.3001 Table 4: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 1.00 1.00 Final volume (mL) 18.15 18.10 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 17.15 17.10 Table 5: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenol red as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.15mL)/1000 = 1.821 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.821 x10-3 moles x 163.2 = 0.2972g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.10mL)/1000 = 1.816 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of Acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.2964g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3003 0.2972 0.3001 0.2964 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: ii) Titration by using Phenolphthalein as the indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9195 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5915 3.6195 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3001 0.3000 Table 6: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 18.20 17.10 Final volume (mL) 36.80 36.95 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 18.60 19.85 Table 7: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenolphthalein as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of a N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 18.60mL)/1000 = 1.975 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.975 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3224g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 19.85mL)/1000 = 2.108 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3440g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3001 0.3224 0.3000 0.3440 Calculation of Percentage of Purity: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): To determine the concentration of Zinc metal present in a standardised sample, atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied. This was done so as to comply with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards, where the detected concentration of Zinc should not be more than 10ppm. Mass of Acetylcysteine sample used: 1.00g This sample was diluted accordingly and then analysed or measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at a set wavelength of 213.8nm. According to the laboratory transcript, the absorbances were given, so the calculation was carried out to determine the concentrations for each solution. Solution Concentration (mg/L) Absorbance (at 213.8nm) (a) 0.00 0.056 (b) 0.25 0.115 (c) 0.50 0.173 Table 8: The absorbance of solution a, b and c using atomic absorbance spectrophotometer. From the table 8 above, a standard additions calibration graph of concentration of zinc in mg/L against absorbance at 213.8nm is plotted. A rather small absorbance indicates that there is a trace or small amount of Zinc (Zn) present in Solution A, which practically contained only the N-acetylcysteine sample. Hence, we can plot a line of best fit and extrapolate to find the concentration of Zn present within our sample. Note that the amount of Zn present is proportional to the absorbance detected at 213.8nm wavelength. Graph 1: The graph of absorbance against concentration of Zinc. Extrapolated value= -0.24 Solution A = 0.24ppm Solution 1 = 0.24 ÃÆ'- 2 = 0.48 ppm Solution 1 0.48g in 100 000 mL = 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g in 50 mL If 1g of N-acetylcysteine contains 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g of zinc ions, 104g of acetylcysteine will contain 2.4g of zinc ions. So concentration of zinc ions in N-acetylcysteine = 2.4ppm Using the calibration graph, we obtained an equation for the line of best fit as shown below: Using the line of best fit we can calculate the concentration of Zinc (Zn) present within Solution 1. This is determined by the difference between the origin (x = 0) and where the line of best fit intercepts the x-axis. To be more accurate, the equation of the line of best fit can be used by assuming the absorbance of N-acetylcysteine at 213.8nm (y-axis) is 0 (y = 0). We can then calculate and find the exact concentration of Zn added (x-axis in mg/L) which gives an absorbance reading of 0.0562 at the wavelength of 213.8 nm. This calculation is shown below where absorbance y = 0. Concentration of Zinc in solution (a) where no Zinc is added:- (Concentration comes in positive value) Therefore, the diluted Solution 1 contains an exact concentration of 0.2402mgL-1 or 0.2402ppm. We can now use this concentration and work backwards from the dilution to obtain the mass of Zn within the 20mL Solution 1, as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in Solution 1:- From the mass of Zinc present in Solution 1 as calculated, we can say that this equals to the 10mL of N-acetylcysteine sample in Solution (a). This is because Solution 1 was diluted to 20mL using 0.001M hydrochloric acid and contained no other sources of Zinc. Hence, 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 20mL of Solution 1 is equal to 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 10mL of Solution (a). Now using this mass of 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g in 10mL of Solution (a) we can find out the total mass of Zinc within 50mL. However, the total mass of Zinc within 50mL of Solution (a) is equivalent to 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine sample which is the original sample mix. Using these data, the mass of Zinc can be calculated as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine: Hence, 2.4017ÃŽÂ ¼gmL-1 of Zinc is present in 1.00g. We can now calculate an exact concentration of Zinc in parts per million (ppm) as shown in the calculation below, Concentration of Zinc within sample in ppm:- e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- Initial mass of N-acetylcysteine sample (g) 1.0965 Mass after drying under specified conditions (g) 1.0893 f) Related substances 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL From British Pharmacopoeia, the retention time for the N-acetylcysteine substances as below. Substance Retention time (min) L- cystine About 2.2 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 acetylcysteine About 6.4 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 1.93 0.5948 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.25 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.623 0.3944 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.972 94.7507 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 238606 0.5948 0.5948 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 31861 0.0794 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 158211 0.3944 0.3944 Acetylcysteine 38007440 94.7507 94.7507 Total area= 40113072 2) Acetylcysteine: old sample 2.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.11 0.7214 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.256 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.415 15.3284 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.34 33.7241 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 62935 0.7214 0.7214 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 78046 0.8946 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 1337263 15.3284 15.3284 Acetylcysteine 2942118 33.7241 33.7241 Total area= 8724087 3) Cysteine/ cystine: 0.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.018 5.2956 L- cysteine About 2.4 2.323; 2.65 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.008; 3.207 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 87001 5.2956 5.2956 L- cysteine 38097; 39167 2.3189; 2.384 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 409128; 1069503 24.9029; 65.0987 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine Acetylcysteine Total area= 1642895 4. Discussion: a) Specific optical rotation: The specific rotation of a chemical compound [ÃŽÂ ±] is defined as the observed angle of optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± in stereochemistry, when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a path length of 1 decimetre (dm) and a sample concentration of 1 gram (g) per 1 millilitre (mL). The specific rotation of a pure material is an intrinsic property of that material at a given wavelength and temperature. The reading should be accompanied by the temperature at which the measurement was performed and the solvent in which the material was dissolved, and this often assumed to be room temperature. The exact unit for specific rotation values is deg dmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1cm3 gà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 or can use degrees (ÃÅ'Ã…  ). Levorotatory rotation (l) means a negative reading obtained and the rotation being to be left. While dextrorotatory rotation (d) means a positive reading and the rotation is being to be right. The specific optical rotation for the freshly prepared solution of N-a cetylcysteine is +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which it is dextrorotatory rotation and the old solution of N-acetylcysteine is -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which means levorotatory rotation. Measurement of optical rotation is a way to assess optical purity of a sample containing a mixture of enantiomers. An enantiomer is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable or not identical much as ones left and right hands are the same but opposite. The specific optical rotation of N-acetylcysteine solution is within the range +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to approximately +27ÃÅ'Ã…  . The freshly prepared of N-acetylcysteine solution is found to be in the range however the old N-acetylcysteine solution is not in the range. This reveals stability alteration occurred in the old N-acetylcysteine solution. The impurities have found in the old N-acetylcysteine solution because the presence of small amount of impurities can affect the rotation of the sample. The actual optical rotation value for freshly prepared N-acetylcysteine solution is measured by single polarimeter because if the sample is very concentrated or it has very large specific rotation or the sample larger than 180 °, single polarimeter cannot be used. The variation of specific rotation with wavelength is the basis of optical rotary dispersion (ORD) which used to elucidate the absolute configuration of certain samples. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to determined the enantiomeric ratio with a chiral column because the aggregation in the N-acetylcysteine solution cause optical rotation of a sample maybe not linear dependent due to enantiomeric excess. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) From the result obtained above, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with iodine with starch as indicator for first titration is 0.13986g and second titration is 0.13552g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 99.64%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.26%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. BP prefer the iodine titration to a titration using sodium hydroxide because iodine is a very useful oxidising titrant which react with reducing agent ,N-acetylcysteine solution using starch as indicator. Iodine forms an intensely dark blue complex with starch. Starch is an oxidation reduction indicator that shows a reversible colour change between the oxidised and reduced forms. It is not affected by the presence of iodide (I-). Both starch and iodide must be prese nt for the starch to change colour during the titration. Iodine is consumed by thiosulfate in the titration step. The amount of thiosulfate used is proportional to the amount of iodine liberated from the salt. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is more useful in acid- base titration using weak acid or base indicator. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide From the result obtained in this experiment, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenol red as indicator for first titration is 0.2972g and second titration is 0.2964g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 98.97%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.77%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. The mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as indicator for first titration is 0.3224g and second titration is 0.3440g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 107.43%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 114.67%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is out of the range stated in the BP. Phenol red and phenolphthalein are acid-base indicators. The un-dissociated form of the indicator is a different colour than the iogenic form of the indicator. An Indicator does not change colour from pure acid to pure alkaline at specific hydrogen ion concentration, but rather, colour change occurs over a range of hydrogen ion concentrations. This range is termed the colour change interval. It is expressed as a pH range. The pH range for phenol red is 6.8- 8.4 and phenolphthalein is 8.0- 10.0. The selection of indicator will depend on the actual expected pH at the equivalence point which selects an indicator with a pKa right in the middle of the pH change at the equivalence point. N-acetylcysteine solution has pKa 4.0 and 9.5, and a weak acid indicator has to be used to determine the end point of the titration. Phenol red produce a good result compared to the phenolphthalein as indicator when titrate N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): By performing the atomic absorbance technique, we have determined that the N-acetylcysteine sample contained a Zinc concentration of 2.4017ppm. This sample complied with the requirement from the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) monograph standards by not having a Zinc concentration of greater than 10ppm. Atomic absorbance technique can only detect specifically one heavy metal at a time. So, it is very time consuming to detect a wide spectrum of heavy metal impurities within our sample. Plus, the N-acetylcysteine monograph only indicates the need to monitor the level of Zinc present within the sample by atomic absorbance spectrometry. Therefore, to detect other heavy metals we would prefer to use the more generic Limit Test C for Heavy Metals as specified in the British Pharmacopoeia (2008), Volume IV, and Appendix VII. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), it states that there should be no more than 1.0% in mass. This sample is complied with the BP monograph standards with a loss of only 0.66% in mass. f) Related substances:- HPLC is used in pharmaceutical analysis to quantitative determinations of drugs in formulations. These analyses do not require long time to optimising mobile phase and selecting columns and detectors. Some formulations contain more than one active ingredient and may present more of an analytical challenge since the different ingredients may have quite different chemical properties and elute at very different times from HPLC column. 5. Conclusions: Quality control is an essential operation of the pharmaceutical industry. Drugs must be marketed as safe and therapeutically active formulations whose performance is consistent and predictable. A bundle of sophisticated analytical methods are being developed for the drugs evaluation in pharmaceutical industry. Requirements governing the quality control of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) or European Pharmacopoeia. Titration is a procedure used in chemistry in order to determine the molarity of an acid or a base. A chemical reaction is set up between a known volume of

The Story of Lot and His Daughters Essay examples -- Religion Theology

The Story of Lot and His Daughters As discussed in class, the Old Testament is a story of the constant struggle between the Lord and his authority, and humans and their rebellion. God brings down punishment upon Man, but saves a few righteous individuals. It is within the framework of this constant struggle that the rules of an evolving society are laid down and recorded. In the story of Lot and his daughters, we see the taboos of disobedience to the Lord, incest and poor hospitality condemned. The pericope begins in Genesis 19, when the Lord tells Abraham that he will destroy Sodom unless he can find ten righteous men in the city. The angels of the lord come to Sodom to find its righteous men, and Abraham’s nephew, Lot, receives them. He treats them as honored guests, washing their feet and feeding them. A crowd of overly curious Sodomites harass Lot, demanding to see his guests. Lot protects his guests, even offering his two virgin daughters up in their stead. This can be read in two ways. One sees this as an act of pandering his daughters out. This calls into question Lot’s values. His good treatment of the angels, and God’s subsequent protection of Lot, shows him to be righteous, so this must not be the case. I choose to go with the chain of thought that this is meant to be an example of the Sodomites’ lack of interest in women. They ignore the offer and try to attack Lot and his household. Lot’s actions stress the importance of being a good host at a time when the only things that mattered were one’s family or tribe name, and one’s fair treatment of those one came in contact with. In Dante’s Inferno, in the Ninth Circle of Hell, traitors to guests are second only to traitors to benefactors as far ... ...ventually attempting to curse and rule over them. In Deuteronomy 2:8-21, we see that the Lord had the Israelites leave both tribes alone, showing a small amount of favor for Lot and his descendants. In fact, the Moabites resurface throughout the Old Testament, at times even subjugating the Israelites (Judges 3:12-29). It is possible that the Lord used the Moabites to teach the Israelites the importance of staying true to him, again echoing the constant struggle between the benefactor and his family. This rebellion and punishment simply repeat the cycle of the power struggle between God and Mankind that the Old Testament is based on. It is a book of lessons for living a life in a time when societies were still learning how to function. Through the story of Lot, three rules of society are re-stressed. They are to obey authority, be hospitable, and avoid incest.